Elements of botany or methodology by which to know about plants

Elements of botany or methodology by which to know about plants Elemens de botanique ou methode pour connoitre les plantes

In this work, Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656-1708), also known as "the Father of French Botany", classifies plants according to the shape of the flower into 22 "classes," and then further into "sections" and "genres" according to the shape of fruit, seed, and so on. Without any value judgments as to their utility or otherwise to humankind, Tournefort classified purely on the basis of the character of plants and established the outline of genuses.

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How to View from the Classification Table

The classification table below shows Tournefort's classification in table form (source: Yojiro Kimura, "Shokubutsu bunrui taikei no rekishi" [The History of Botanical Classification Systems] in "Seibutsugakushi ronshu" [Essays on The History of Biology]).
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Bibliography

Kimura, Youjiro. "Seibutsugakushi ronshu" (Yasaka Shobo, 1987)
Kimura, Youjiro. "Natsurarisuto no keifu" (Chuou Kouron Sha, Inc., 1983)

Classification table
Grasses and semishrubs
classe 1　Single flowers: gamopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Campaniforms Les Campaniformes
	section 1
		Mandragora	Belladona
	section 2
		Lilium Convallium	Polygonatum	Ruscus	Laurus Alexandrina --> Ruscus
	section 3
		Menyanthes	Hydrophyllon	Soldanella	Convolvulus
		Scammonia --> Convolvulus	Tithymalus	Rhabarbarum	Oxys
	section 4
		Cotyledon	Apocynum	Periploca	Asclepias
	section 5
		Malva	Althaea	Alcea	Abutilon
		Ketmia	Xylon
	section 6
		Bryonia	Tamnus	Sicyoides	Momordica
		Cucumis	Melo	Pepo	Melopepo
		Anguria	Cucurbita
	section 7
		Campanula	Medium	Rapunculus
	section 8
		Rubia	Aparine	Gallium	Cruciata

classe 2　Single flowers: gamopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Infundibuliforms Les Infundibuliformes
	section 1
		Quamoclit	Gentiana	Nicotiana	Hyoscyamus
		Stramonium	Pervinca	Auricula Urfi
	section 2
		Androsace	Primula Veris	Verbasculum --> Primula Veris	Centaurium Minus
		Plantago	Coronopus	Psyllium
	section 3
		Jalap	Rubeola	Trachelium	Rapuntium
		Valeriana	Valerianella
	section 4
		Borrago	Buglossum	Asperugo	Echium
		Pulmonaria	Lithospermum	Symphytum	Consolida major --> Symphytum
		Cerinthe	Heliotropium	Cynoglossum	Omphalodes
		Plumbago
	section 5
		Lysimachia	Nummularia --> Lysimachia	Anagallis	Samolus
		Glaux	Veronica	Chrysosplenium	Polemonium
		Verbascum	Blattaria
	section 6
		Solanum	Lycopersicon	Alkekengi	Melongena
		Capsicum	Nymphoides	Cyclamen	Moschatellina
	section 7
		Pimpinella

classe 3　Single flowers: gamopetalous / zygomorphic flowers　Personates Les Personnees
	section 1
		Arum	Dracunculus	Arisarum
	section 2
		Aristolochia
	section 3
		Bignonia	Digitalis	Gratiola --> Digitalis	Sesamum --> Digitalis
		Scrophularia	Pinguicula
	section 4
		Antirrhinum	Linaria	Cymbalaria --> Linaria	Elatine --> Linaria
		Asarina	Pedicularis	Melampyrum	Euphrasia
		Polygala	Adhatoda	Orobanche
	section 5
		Acanthus

classe 4　Single flowers: gamopetalous / zygomorphic flowers　Labiates Les Labiees
	section 1
		Phlomis	Horminum	Sclaraea	Salvia
		Dracocephalon	Cassida	Lysimachia Galericulata --> Cassida	Scutellaria --> Cassida
		Brunella
	section 2
		Lamium	Moldavica	Ballote	Galeopsis
		Stachys	Cardiaca	Leonurus	Molucca
		Pseudodictamnus	Mentha	Pulegium	Marrubiastrum
		Lycopus
	section 3
		Sideritis	Marrubium	Melissa	Calamintha
		Hedera Terrestris --> Calamintha	Clinopodium	Rosmarinus	Thymus
		Serpyllum	Satureia	Thymbra	Marum Mastich --> Thymbra
		Lavandula	Origanum	Dictamnus Creticus --> Origanum	Majorana
		Verbena	Hyssopus	Staechas	Cataria
		Betonica	Ocimum
	section 4
		Chamaedrys	Marum Cortusi --> Chamaedrys	Scordium --> Chamaedrys	Polium
		Teucrium	Chamaepytis	Bugula	Consolida media --> Bugula

classe 5　Single flowers: schizopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Cruciforms Les Cruciformes
	section 1
		Jonthlaspi	Rapistrum	Myagrum	Isatis
		Crambe
	section 2
		Thlaspi	Nasturtium	Thlaspidium	Cochlearia
		Raphanus Rusticanus --> Cochlearia	Lepidium	Draba --> Lepidium	Iberis --> Lepidium
		Bursa Pastoris
	section 3
		Alysson	Alyssoides	Lunaria
	section 4
		Brassica	Leucoium	Hesperis	Turritis
		Cardamine	Dentaria	Sisymbrium	Eruca
		Sinapi	Erysimum	Rapa	Napus
		Raphanus
	section 5
		Raphanistrum	Hypecoon
	section 6
		Chelidonium	Sinapistrum	Epimedium
	section 7
		Erucago
	section 8
		Potamogeton
	section 9
		Herba Paris

classe 6　Single flowers: schizopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Rosaceous Les Rosacees
	section 1
		Amaranthus	Portulaca
	section 2
		Papaver	Argemone	Anapodophyllon	Opuntia
		Granadilla	Murucuia
	section 3
		Mitella	Alsine	Myosotis	Ros Solis
		Parnassia	Gramen Parnassi --> Parnassia	Juncus	Kali
		Telephium	Helianthemum	Chamaecistus --> Helianthemum	Androsaemum
	section 4
		Geum	Sanicula Montana --> Geum	Saxifraga	Salicaria
		Lysimachia Spicata --> Salicaria	Glaucium	Papaver Corniculatum --> Glaucium
	section 5
		Hypericum	Ascyrum	Pyrola	Damasonium
		Ruta	Harmala	Nigella	Fabago
		Corchorus	Melochia --> Corchorus	Cistus	Nymphaea
		Nenufar --> Nymphaea
	section 6
		Capparis
	section 7
		Sedum	Anacampseros	Rhodia Radix --> Anacampseros	Ulmaria
		Barba Caprae	Fagonia	Tribulus	Juncago
		Geranium	Thalictrum	Butomus	Helleborus
		Veratrum	Helleborus Albus --> Veratrum	Populago	Paeonia
	section 8
		Anemone	Pulsatilla	Ranunculus	Sagitta --> Ranunculus
		Filipendula	Clematitis	Caryophyllata	Fragaria
		Quinquefolium	Tormentilla	Pentaphylloides
	section 9
		Christophoriana	Phytolacca	Aralia	Asparagus
	section 10
		Cuminoides	Circaea	Agrimonia	Agrimonoides
		Lysimachia Virginiana --> Onagra	Onagra	Chamaenerion	Lysimachia Siliquosa --> Chamaenerion

classe 7　Single flowers: schizopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Umbelliferae Les Ombelliferes
	section 1
		Ammi	Apium	Cicuta	Carvi
		Phellandryum	Bulbocastanum	Daucus	Sium
		Sisarum	Tragoselinum	Buplevrum	Perfoliata --> Buplevrum
	section 2
		Faeniculum	Seseli Massiliense --> Faeniculum	Meum	Oenanthe
		Angelica	Astrantia	Chaerophyllum	Myrrhis
	section 3
		Smyrnium	Coriandrum
	section 4
		Imperatoria	Crithmum	Anethum	Peucedanum
	section 5
		Oreoselinum	Thysselinum	Pastinaca	Sphondylium
		Tordylium	Ferula	Thapsia
	section 6
		Cicutaria	Caucalis	Ligusticum	Laserpitium
		Libanotis --> Laserpitium
	section 7
		Cachrys
	section 8
		Scandix
	section 9
		Sanicula	Eryngium	Hydrocotyle

classe 8　Single flowers: schizopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Caryophylles Les Caryophyllees
	section 1
		Caryophyllus	Lychnis	Saponaria --> Lychnis	Cucubalus
		Linum
	section 2
		Statice	Limonium

classe 9　Single flowers: schizopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Liliaceous Les Liliacees
	section 1
		Asphodelus	Liliasphodelus	Hyacinthus	Muscari
		Colchicum
	section 2
		Crocus	Narcissus	Iris	Xiphion
		Sisyrinchium	Gladiolus	Aloe	Cannacorus
		Arundo Indica --> Cannacorus
	section 3
		Ephemerum
	section 4
		Phalangium	Liliastrum	Lilium	Lilio-Hyacinthus
		Corona Imperialis	Tulipa	Fritillaria	Dens Canis
		Ornithogalum	Scilla --> Ornithogalum	Porrum	Cepa
		Allium
	section 5
		Lilio-Narcissus	Narcissoleucoium	Bermudiana

classe 10　Single flowers: schizopetalous / zygomorphic flowers　Leguminous Les Leguminoses
	section 1
		Glycyrrhiza	Cicer	Lens	Onobrychis
		Vulneraria	Dorycnium
	section 2
		Faba	Lupinus	Orobus	Pisum
		Lathyrus	Clymenum	Ochrus	Vicia
		Ervum	Galega	Astragaloides	Aphaca
	section 3
		Securidaca	Ornithopodium	Ferrum Equinum	Hedysarum
		Scorpioides
	section 4
		Lotus	Trifolium	Quadrifolium --> Trifolium	Melilotus
		Anonis	Faenumgraecum	Medica	Medicago
		Phaseolus
	section 5
		Astragalus	Tragacantha	Pelecinus

classe 11　Single flowers: schizopetalous / zygomorphic flowers　Amorphous Les Anomales
	section 1
		Balsamina	Viola	Fumaria	Capnoides
		Reseda
	section 2
		Sesamoides
	section 1
		Luteola
	section 2
		Aconitum	Napellus --> Aconitum	Delphinium	Consolida regalis --> Delphinium
		Staphisagria --> Delphinium	Aquilegia	Fraxinella	Cardamindum
		Melianthus	Cor-Indum
	section 3
		Orchis	Helleborine	Calceolus	Limondorum
		Ophris	Nidus Avis

classe 12　Aggregate flowers　Flosculous Les Flosculeuses
	section 1
		Xanthium	Ambrosia	Gnaphalodes
	section 2
		Carduus	Cinara	Jacea	Cyanus
		Cirsium	Centaurium Majus	Lappa	Cnicus
		Carthamus
	section 3
		Petasites	Cacalia	Elichrysum	Staechas Citrina --> Elychrysum
		Filago	Conyza	Eupatorium	Senecio
	section 4
		Absinthium	Abrotanum	Artemisia	Santolina
		Gnaphalium	Tanacetum	Bidens	Cannabina --> Bidens
	section 5
		Echinopus
	section 6
		Scabiosa	Succisa --> Scabiosa	Dipsacus	Globularia
		Alypum --> Globularia

classe 13　Aggregate flowers　Semiflosculous Les Semiflosculeuses
	section 1
		Dens Leonis	Hieracium	Pilosella	Lactuca
		Sonchus	Chondrilla	Zacintha	Scorzonera
		Tragopogon
	section 2
		Catanance	Hedypnois	Cichorium	Endivia --> Cichorium
		Intybus --> Cichorium	Lampsana	Rhagadiolus	Scolymus

classe 14　Aggregate flowers　Ligulate Les Radiees
	section 1
		Aster	Tripolium --> Aster	Helenium	Virga Aurea
		Jacobaea	Tussilago	Doronicum
	section 2
		Tagetes	Corona Solis
	section 3
		Bellis	Chrysanthemum	Leucanthemum	Matricaria
		Chamaemelum	Cotula	Buphtalmum	Millefolium
		Ptarmica	Asteriscus
	section 4
		Caltha
	section 5
		Xeranthemum	Carlina

classe 15　Apetalous flowers　Achlamydeous Les Apetalees
	section 1
		Asarum	Beta
	section 2
		Acetosa	Lapathum	Atriplex	Chenopodium
		Borrys --> Chenopodium	Blitum	Herniaria	Paronychia
		Alchimilla	Parietaria	Persicaria	Polygonum
		Fagopyrum	Bistorta
	section 3
		Triticum	Secale	Hordeum	Oryza
		Avena	Milium	Panicum	Gramen
		Arundo
	section 4
		Cyperus	Scirpus
	section 5
		Cyperoides	Typha	Sparganium	Mays
		Lachryma Job	Ricinus
	section 6
		Equisetum	Spinacia	Mercurialis	Phyllon --> Mercurialis
		Urtica	Cannabis	Lupulus

classe 16　Ananthous / fructification　Ferny
	section 1
		Filix	Lonchitis	Polytricum --> Trichomanes	Trichomanes
		Polypodium	Filicula	Ruta Muraria	Adiantum
		Asplenium	Lingua Cervina	Hemionitis
	section 2
		Osmunda	Ophioglossum	Lichen

classe 17　Ananthous / non-fructification　Cryptogamic
	section 1
		Muscus	Fungus	Boletus	Agaricus
		Lycoperdon	Coralloides	Tubera
	section 2
		Fucus	Alga	Acetabulum	Corallina
		Corallum	Madrepora	Lithophyton	Tubularia
		Spongia	Eschara	Alcyonium

Trees or shrubs
classe 18　Apetalous flowers　Achlamydeous Les Apetalees
	section 1
		Fraxinus	Siliqua
	section 2
		Buxus	Empetrum
	section 3
		Terebinthus	Pistacia --> Terebinthus	Lentiscus

classe 19　Aggregate flowers　Amentaceous Les Amentacees
	section 1
		Nux	Corylus	Carpinus
	section 2
		Quercus	Ilex	Suber	Fagus
		Castanca
	section 3
		Abies	Picea --> Abies	Pinus	Larix
		Thuya	Cupressus	Alnus	Betula
	section 4
		Cedrus	Juniperus	Taxus	Morus
	section 5
		Platanus
	section 6
		Salix	Populus

classe 20　Single flowers: gamopetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Gamopetalous (Monopetalous) Les Monopetalees
	section 1
		Rhamnus	Thymelaea	Laureola --> Thymelaea	Sanamunda --> Thymelaea
		Alaternus	Phillyrea	Ligustrum	Laurus
		Jasminum	Arbutus
	section 2
		Styrax	Olea	Uva Ursi	Aquifolium
		Guaiacana
	section 3
		Ulmus
	section 4
		Lilac	Erica	Vitex	Chamaerhododendros
	section 5
		Nerion	Acacia	Mimosa
	section 6
		Sambucus	Opulus	Viburnum	Tinus
		Vitis Idaea	Caprifolium	Periclymenum	Chamaecerasus
		Xylosteon
	section 7
		Viscum

classe 21　Single flowers: polypetalous / actinomorphic flowers　Schizopetalous (Polypetalous) Les Polypetalees
	section 1
		Cotinus	Toxicodendron	Rhus	Tilia
		Hippocastanum
	section 2
		Celtis	Frangula	Hedera	Vitis
		Berberis	Rubus
	section 3
		Acer	Staphylodendron	Paliurus	Azedarac
		Evonymus
	section 4
		Spiraea	Syringa
	section 5
		Senna	Poinciana	Cassia
	section 6
		Aurantium	Citreum	Limon
	section 7
		Prunus	Armeniaca	Persica	Cerasus
		Amygdalus	Ziziphus	Laurocerasus
	section 8
		Pyrus	Cydonia	Sorbus	Malus
		Punica	Rosa	Grossularia	Ribes --> Grossularia
		Myrtus
	section 9
		Cornus	Mespilus

classe 22　Single flowers: polypetalous / zygomorphic flowers　Schizopetalous (Polypetalous), papilionaceous Les Papillionacees
	section 1
		Genista	Crotalaria	Spartium	Genista-Spartium
		Erinacea	Genistella	Siliquastrum
	section 2
		Anagyris	Cytisus	Cytiso-Genista
	section 3
		Pseudoacacia	Colutea	Emerus	Coronilla
		Barba Jovis

appendix
	Ficus	Smilax	Chamaelea	Ageratum
	Cuscuta	Salicornia	Ephedra

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